Re: Extra Label Use/Conversion tables etc~Saanendoah
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ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
amp. = ampule
a.d. = right ear
a.s. = left ear
a.u. = both ears
c. = with
cap. = capsule
disp. = dispense
gtt(s). = drop(s)
IM = intramuscular injection
IN = intranasal
IP = intraperitoneal (within abdominal cavity)
IV = intravenous injection
o.d. = right eye
o.s. = left eye
o.u. = both eyes
PO = per os, meaning given by mouth or orally
q.s. = a sufficient quantity
SubQ, SQ or SC = subcutaneous injection
susp. = suspension
tab = tablet
FREQUENCY OF DOSING
a.c. = before meals
p.c. = after meals
h. = hour
h.s. = at bedtime
q = every (as in q 8 hours)
s.i.d. = every day (q day or q 24 hours)
b.i.d. = twice a day (q 12 hours)
t.i.d. = three times a day (q 8 hours)
q.i.d. = four times a day (q 6 hours)
qld. = every day
qod = every other day
qlw = every week
PRN = as needed
Sig.: = directions to patient
stat = immediately
Ut dict. = as directed
See below for additional dosing information
and injection techniques
top
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ACCESSORIES:
(See page 2 for proper disposal of used needles and other used materials.)
SYRINGES:
3mL, 6mL, 12mL, 20mL, 30mL, 60 mL (6ml & 12ml most used)
I prefer the Luer Lock syringes rather than the Luer Slip. You can buy syringes with a "feeding tip", a larger tapered tip that is used for dosing liquids and or tubing weak newborns (also see catheter below).
It's a good idea to have one or two 30ml or 60ml feeding tip syringes for giving oral medications.
NEEDLES: Use the smallest needle (larger number) that will get the job done. This will help avoid tissue damage and leakage from the injection site. Use a short needle, 1/2 inch, for SC (SQ, Sub-Q) injections.
20 X ¾" or 20 x 1"[most useful, all purpose]. Can take thicker medications.
22 X ½ " or 22 X 3/4"are less painful, I use for babies and thin liquids. Optional, but handy.
18 X 1" for very thick medications, can be used for bucks and larger does, and for painful injections where you want to inject rapidly.
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A note on needle size for vaccination in kids (and other small animals and stock): Research has shown that, when vaccinating, the smaller needle (25 ga) causes more swelling and pain when the same volume was administered over the same time as a larger needle (22ga), due to the excess force of administration. If you like to use small gage needles for vaccinating kids, the vaccine should be administered more slowly.
THERMOMETER:
Perhaps YOUR #1 PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, a window to the inside of your goat.
Use it whenever an animal is "off" for any reason (temperatures usually rise 24-36 hours before other signs of illness).
It will tell you if your treatment is working or not; an elevated temperature should start to drop in approximately 24-36 hours after beginning antibiotics if the medication(s) is combating the infectious bacteria. If the temperature has not gone down after that time you should consider changing to another medication (note: do not count temperatures reduced by other medications i.e. Banamine, Dipyrone, aspirin, bute, etc.).
Normal temp is 101.5° -103° (degrees), but can be higher in hot weather or following fighting, chasing to catch etc. If in doubt, take temps of several other animals in the herd for comparison.
To convert degrees °F (Fahrenheit) to degrees °C (Centigrade), subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9. To convert degrees C to degrees F, multiply by 9/5, and then add 32.
°C
CENTIGRADE °F
FAHRENHEIT
36.5 97.7
37.0 98.6
37.5 99.5
38.0 100.4
38.2 100.8
38.4 101.1
38.6 101.5
38.8 101.8
39.0 102.2
39.2 102.6
39.4 102.9
39.6 103.3
39.8 103.6
40.0 104.0
40.2 104.4
40.4 104.7
40.6 105.1
40.8 105.4
41.0 105.8
41.2 106.2
41.4 106.6
41.6 106.8
41.8 107.2
42.0 107.6
STETHOSCOPE: To listen to lungs sounds, rumen sounds, for fetal heartbeats on pregnant does. Not necessary, but can come in handy, and with practice you will learn to "hear". Listen to lung and rumen sounds on healthy animals and you will be able to hear unhealthy sounds when they are present, i.e. the lungs of a goat with pneumonia often sounds like an ocean (fluid filled) or raspy, like sand paper rubbing together. Detecting pregnancy by hearing fetal heartbeats is fun.
COTTON BALLS: Kept in sealed container [small Rubbermaid or TupperWare containers work great] filled with 70% ethyl alcohol. For cleaning injection sites, thermometers, medicine bottle tops, equipment etc.
CATHETER: A must for tubing a weak or premature kid at birth. You can buy catheter & syringe set ups (60 ml syringe and catheter) from most catalogs houses for just a few dollars.
STOMACH TUBE: A foal size stomach tube is handy for tubing larger goats. You can use any small diameter 1/4" - 5/16" hose or tubing, but a standard tube is made of good quality PVC material that is soft and flexible, will last a very long time and has an attached funnel end. Measure the distance from chin to mid abdomen the same as for tubing kids.
top
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TYPES OF INJECTIONS:
Suggestions for type of administration are located on medication vials. However, MOST medications that can be given IM can also be given just as effectively SC (SQ) as well.
NOTE :Intravenous (IV) injections result in a high drug level in the blood rapidly, but antibiotics injected intravenously also are eliminated more rapidly. Intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC or SQ) injections require the least skill and last longer.
IM- Intramuscular. Into the muscle - this provides the third fastest absorption rate. There are many sites for injection, the easiest and safest being the heavy neck muscles on either side of the backbone in the neck region (at least three fingers down from the spine and in front of the shoulder blade - you can easily feel the muscle mass there even in young kids). Bottle directions on most medications say to administered this way, but it's now almost universally accepted that SQ injection is just as effective as IM and is actually the preferred route for nearly all medications. Do not administer medications labeled for IV use only (i.e. sulfa) via IM or SQ routes. Not a good route for animals in shock.
SC or SQ- Injected subcutaneously (SC, sub-Q, SQ) between the skin and the underlying tissue. It is the fourth fastest rate of absorption. The site for the injection is generally anywhere over the rib cage or shoulder, not too close to bony structure, such as backbone or shoulder blade. It is suitable for nearly all injections, particularly those which are of large dosage, and/or must be given frequently. I've given 99+% of my injection SC (SQ) for that last 7-8 years. Do not administer medications labeled for IV use only (i.e. sulfas) via SC (SQ) or IM routes (one exception is calcium products that can be administered SC (SQ) in smaller doses under certain conditions). Avoid SC (SQ) route if the ambient temperature is very cold or the animal is severely dehydrated. Not a good route for animals in shock.
IV - Intravenous. Directly into the vein - the jugular vein in the neck is the most suitable in the dairy goat. It is the FASTEST method of getting medication working in the body. It is also used for administering those medication which irritate the tissue when injected by any other method such as the sulfas and calcium-phosphorus solutions. Some medications should only be administered IV while others should never be used via an IV route. Do not administer penicillin IV. When injecting IV, always inject very slowly.
IP or intraperitoneal or IC intracoelomic - Directly into the peritoneal cavity [abdominal cavity] Iinjection inside the membrane that lines the interior wall of the abdomen. On the RIGHT side of the goat, behind the rib cage and in front of the hip bone. The absorption from the peritoneal cavity is fairly rapid. It is used also for administering large amounts of medication, and is easy to do, but not generally recommend due to danger risk of damage to organs, and peritoneal adhesions are not uncommon. Absorption is via the portal system so it is not useful for drugs that are removed by the liver. The introduction of bacteria into the peritoneal cavity can result in serious peritonitis which may be difficult to treat. It is most often used in hypothermic newborn lambs.
top
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Most injectables need shaking before use. After shaking, inject the same amount of air into the bottle as the amount of liquid you are going to withdraw. This prevents a vacuum from forming as the liquid is withdrawn. If the liquid is thick, 20 or 18-ga. needle will give a faster fill. After filling the syringe, tap the barrel to send air bubbles to the top and expel the bubbles.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
amp. = ampule
a.d. = right ear
a.s. = left ear
a.u. = both ears
c. = with
cap. = capsule
disp. = dispense
gtt(s). = drop(s)
IM = intramuscular injection
IN = intranasal
IP = intraperitoneal (within abdominal cavity)
IV = intravenous injection
o.d. = right eye
o.s. = left eye
o.u. = both eyes
PO = per os, meaning given by mouth or orally
q.s. = a sufficient quantity
SubQ, SQ or SC = subcutaneous injection
susp. = suspension
tab = tablet
FREQUENCY OF DOSING
a.c. = before meals
p.c. = after meals
h. = hour
h.s. = at bedtime
q = every (as in q 8 hours)
s.i.d. = every day (q day or q 24 hours)
b.i.d. = twice a day (q 12 hours)
t.i.d. = three times a day (q 8 hours)
q.i.d. = four times a day (q 6 hours)
qld. = every day
qod = every other day
qlw = every week
PRN = as needed
Sig.: = directions to patient
stat = immediately
Ut dict. = as directed
See below for additional dosing information
and injection techniques
top
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACCESSORIES:
(See page 2 for proper disposal of used needles and other used materials.)
SYRINGES:
3mL, 6mL, 12mL, 20mL, 30mL, 60 mL (6ml & 12ml most used)
I prefer the Luer Lock syringes rather than the Luer Slip. You can buy syringes with a "feeding tip", a larger tapered tip that is used for dosing liquids and or tubing weak newborns (also see catheter below).
It's a good idea to have one or two 30ml or 60ml feeding tip syringes for giving oral medications.
NEEDLES: Use the smallest needle (larger number) that will get the job done. This will help avoid tissue damage and leakage from the injection site. Use a short needle, 1/2 inch, for SC (SQ, Sub-Q) injections.
20 X ¾" or 20 x 1"[most useful, all purpose]. Can take thicker medications.
22 X ½ " or 22 X 3/4"are less painful, I use for babies and thin liquids. Optional, but handy.
18 X 1" for very thick medications, can be used for bucks and larger does, and for painful injections where you want to inject rapidly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A note on needle size for vaccination in kids (and other small animals and stock): Research has shown that, when vaccinating, the smaller needle (25 ga) causes more swelling and pain when the same volume was administered over the same time as a larger needle (22ga), due to the excess force of administration. If you like to use small gage needles for vaccinating kids, the vaccine should be administered more slowly.
THERMOMETER:
Perhaps YOUR #1 PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, a window to the inside of your goat.
Use it whenever an animal is "off" for any reason (temperatures usually rise 24-36 hours before other signs of illness).
It will tell you if your treatment is working or not; an elevated temperature should start to drop in approximately 24-36 hours after beginning antibiotics if the medication(s) is combating the infectious bacteria. If the temperature has not gone down after that time you should consider changing to another medication (note: do not count temperatures reduced by other medications i.e. Banamine, Dipyrone, aspirin, bute, etc.).
Normal temp is 101.5° -103° (degrees), but can be higher in hot weather or following fighting, chasing to catch etc. If in doubt, take temps of several other animals in the herd for comparison.
To convert degrees °F (Fahrenheit) to degrees °C (Centigrade), subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9. To convert degrees C to degrees F, multiply by 9/5, and then add 32.
°C
CENTIGRADE °F
FAHRENHEIT
36.5 97.7
37.0 98.6
37.5 99.5
38.0 100.4
38.2 100.8
38.4 101.1
38.6 101.5
38.8 101.8
39.0 102.2
39.2 102.6
39.4 102.9
39.6 103.3
39.8 103.6
40.0 104.0
40.2 104.4
40.4 104.7
40.6 105.1
40.8 105.4
41.0 105.8
41.2 106.2
41.4 106.6
41.6 106.8
41.8 107.2
42.0 107.6
STETHOSCOPE: To listen to lungs sounds, rumen sounds, for fetal heartbeats on pregnant does. Not necessary, but can come in handy, and with practice you will learn to "hear". Listen to lung and rumen sounds on healthy animals and you will be able to hear unhealthy sounds when they are present, i.e. the lungs of a goat with pneumonia often sounds like an ocean (fluid filled) or raspy, like sand paper rubbing together. Detecting pregnancy by hearing fetal heartbeats is fun.
COTTON BALLS: Kept in sealed container [small Rubbermaid or TupperWare containers work great] filled with 70% ethyl alcohol. For cleaning injection sites, thermometers, medicine bottle tops, equipment etc.
CATHETER: A must for tubing a weak or premature kid at birth. You can buy catheter & syringe set ups (60 ml syringe and catheter) from most catalogs houses for just a few dollars.
STOMACH TUBE: A foal size stomach tube is handy for tubing larger goats. You can use any small diameter 1/4" - 5/16" hose or tubing, but a standard tube is made of good quality PVC material that is soft and flexible, will last a very long time and has an attached funnel end. Measure the distance from chin to mid abdomen the same as for tubing kids.
top
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPES OF INJECTIONS:
Suggestions for type of administration are located on medication vials. However, MOST medications that can be given IM can also be given just as effectively SC (SQ) as well.
NOTE :Intravenous (IV) injections result in a high drug level in the blood rapidly, but antibiotics injected intravenously also are eliminated more rapidly. Intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC or SQ) injections require the least skill and last longer.
IM- Intramuscular. Into the muscle - this provides the third fastest absorption rate. There are many sites for injection, the easiest and safest being the heavy neck muscles on either side of the backbone in the neck region (at least three fingers down from the spine and in front of the shoulder blade - you can easily feel the muscle mass there even in young kids). Bottle directions on most medications say to administered this way, but it's now almost universally accepted that SQ injection is just as effective as IM and is actually the preferred route for nearly all medications. Do not administer medications labeled for IV use only (i.e. sulfa) via IM or SQ routes. Not a good route for animals in shock.
SC or SQ- Injected subcutaneously (SC, sub-Q, SQ) between the skin and the underlying tissue. It is the fourth fastest rate of absorption. The site for the injection is generally anywhere over the rib cage or shoulder, not too close to bony structure, such as backbone or shoulder blade. It is suitable for nearly all injections, particularly those which are of large dosage, and/or must be given frequently. I've given 99+% of my injection SC (SQ) for that last 7-8 years. Do not administer medications labeled for IV use only (i.e. sulfas) via SC (SQ) or IM routes (one exception is calcium products that can be administered SC (SQ) in smaller doses under certain conditions). Avoid SC (SQ) route if the ambient temperature is very cold or the animal is severely dehydrated. Not a good route for animals in shock.
IV - Intravenous. Directly into the vein - the jugular vein in the neck is the most suitable in the dairy goat. It is the FASTEST method of getting medication working in the body. It is also used for administering those medication which irritate the tissue when injected by any other method such as the sulfas and calcium-phosphorus solutions. Some medications should only be administered IV while others should never be used via an IV route. Do not administer penicillin IV. When injecting IV, always inject very slowly.
IP or intraperitoneal or IC intracoelomic - Directly into the peritoneal cavity [abdominal cavity] Iinjection inside the membrane that lines the interior wall of the abdomen. On the RIGHT side of the goat, behind the rib cage and in front of the hip bone. The absorption from the peritoneal cavity is fairly rapid. It is used also for administering large amounts of medication, and is easy to do, but not generally recommend due to danger risk of damage to organs, and peritoneal adhesions are not uncommon. Absorption is via the portal system so it is not useful for drugs that are removed by the liver. The introduction of bacteria into the peritoneal cavity can result in serious peritonitis which may be difficult to treat. It is most often used in hypothermic newborn lambs.
top
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most injectables need shaking before use. After shaking, inject the same amount of air into the bottle as the amount of liquid you are going to withdraw. This prevents a vacuum from forming as the liquid is withdrawn. If the liquid is thick, 20 or 18-ga. needle will give a faster fill. After filling the syringe, tap the barrel to send air bubbles to the top and expel the bubbles.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------