Re: Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com
THE PENICILLINS
There are 4 classes of penicillins from narrow to broad range of effectiveness,
based upon their ability to kill various types of bacteria.
Natural penicillins and penicillinase-resistant penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Various brand names include: Penicillin G: Penicillin G Potassium, Penicillin G Procaine, Pen BP-48, Dual-Pen Penicillin V: Pen-V
Not useful against penicillinase or beta-lactamase producing bacteria or most gram negative bacteria
Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cyclacillin, Hetacillin
Not as useful against anaerobic bacteria as natural penicillins.
Aminopenicillins are not effective against those bacteria that produce penicillinase or beta-lactamase.
Vet Res Commun. 1999 Dec;23(Cool:507-14. Related Articles, Links
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in Desert sheep and Nubian goats.
Elsheikh HA, Taha AA, Khalafalla AE, Osman IA, Wasfi IA. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid. [email protected]
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were studied in five Desert sheep and five Nubian goats after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Following i.v. injection, the plasma concentration-versus-time data were best described by a two-compartment open model. The kinetic variables were similar in both species except for the volume of the central compartment (Vc), which was larger in sheep (p<0.05). Following i.m. injection, except for the longer half-life time of absorption in goats (p<0.05), there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between sheep and goats. The route of amoxicillin administration had no significant effect on the terminal elimination half-life in either species. The bioavailability of the drug (F) after i.m. administration was high (> 0.90) in both species. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin did not differ between sheep and goats; furthermore, because of the high availability and short half-life of absorption, the i.m. route gives similar results to the i.v. route. Therefore, identical intramuscular and intravenous dose regimens should be applicable to both species.
PMID: 10672967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Extended-spectrum penicillins: Alpha-carboxypenicillins : carbenicillin, Acylaminopenicillins: piperacillin
Brand names include: Carbenicillin: Geocillin (oral), Geopen (oral and injectable)
Extended-spectrum penicillins are not commonly used. They are prescribed for certain bacterial infections when other antibiotics are ineffective.
Extended-spectrum penicillins treat similar infections as the aminopenicillins but have additional activity against more gram negative bacteria. Susceptible to inactivation by penicillinase and beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Potentiated penicillins: Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam
Brand names: Augmentin and Clavamox contain amoxicillin plus potassium clavulanate
Potentiated pencillins have potassium clavulanate and sulbactam added to reduce inactivation by beta-lactamases. These additional compounds increase the types of bacteria against which various classes of penicillin are effective. Potentiated penicillins are often used in skin infections.
PENICILLIN TRIVIA: sulfa drugs developed in 1932 were the first antibiotics, but effective only against one class of bacteria. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 but no one could figure out how to produce it in 1939 two British scientists, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, figured out how to produce a stable preparation and showed its value (treating 5 patients) the US was asked in the summer of 1941 to develop mass production seen as of tremendous military value factory production began in Dec. 1943, though it was restricted to military use until March 1945.
There are many forms of penicillin, and dosages vary greatly
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PROCAINE PENICILLIN G
Extra label in goats
Various brand names
300,000 units Procaine Penicillin G/mL
DOSE: 10,000 units/lb twice daily with higher doses for well established infections. One mg of penicillin G procaine is equivalent to 900-1050 USP Units.
DOSE: Kids - 1-2ml SC (SQ) for baby goats (8-25lbs), 1 or 2 times daily.
DOSE: Adults - 6-10 ml SC (SQ) for adult goats, 1X or 2X daily.
You can double recommend maximum dose on first injection, then divided daily dose and inject every 12 hours for 2-3 days, then 1X daily thereafter.
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats . Goats: 5 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP). Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours. Note
enicillin G is distributed into milk; in food animals the distribution is sufficient to cause violative residues. However, (label dose) the concentrations of penicillin produced in milk are subtherapeutic for most bacteria. In sheep, 0.11% of an intramuscular injection of sodium penicillin G was distributed into the milk.
MEAT Extra label in goats Goats: 14-20 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP) BACTERICIDAL
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
Classes of Penicillin
Pennicillin references
Antibiotic for treating gram positive infections.
Widespread resistance.
Penicillin is particularly effective against streptococcus infections.
Penicillin is often administered along with gentamicin ( NOTE:see gentamicin below ) or Naxel . If you use one of these combo's administer via seperate syringes, do not mix together in the same syringe.
Beta-Lactam/Aminoglycoside Combinations
Generally speaking, this combination is synergistic because the penicillins/Beta-Lactams used to target gram positive and anaerobic bacteria will damage the cell wall, allowing the aminoglycoside used to target gram negative aerobes to enter the
bacterial cell (even gram positive or anaerobic bacteria).
This combination of drugs is especially useful when:
1. a resistant Pseudomonas or Proteus is encountered, in which case a specific anti-pseudomonal agent such as a 4 th generation cephalosporin could be used together with gentamicin
2. the full regular dose of aminoglycoside is too toxic to the kidneys - in this case you may use the full dose of a penicillin with a lower-than-normal dose of gentamicin; this combination will be less toxic than the normal dose of gentamicin alone
Blood levels tend to drop starting 12 hours after injection. Can dose every 24 hr if unable to treat more often or at the end of an illness, once you have it well under control.
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. PENICILLIN, LONG ACTING (LA)
Extra label in goats
Penicillin procaine & penicillin benzathine combo. Supposed to be a long acting penicillin that remains in the bloodstream for 48 hrs, though there is widespread resistance to both penicillin procaine and benzathine, and studies have shown that the benzathine (long acting) form of penicillin has too slow an absorption time to reach recommended therapeutic levels.
From 2000 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) **: Benzathine penicillin G is the least soluble of the dosage forms and so is the most slowly absorbed; the longest sustained but lowest plasma concentrations of penicillin G are produced.
PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE AND PENICILLIN G PROCAINE INJECTABLE SUSPENSION USP
Note: Penicillin G benzathine and penicillin G procaine combination has been replaced by other more effective medications . Although products containing penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combined may be effective in the treatment of extremely sensitive organisms, the plasma concentration of penicillin G produced by
the administration of recommended doses of penicillin G benzathine drops to such a low level after 12 to 48 hours that it becomes ineffective in the treatment of most systemic infections. No dosage of these penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combinations can be recommended as likely to be effective for many infections caused by penicillin-sensitive organisms .
Even when administered at label doses, the risk exists for residues, which are 30 to 60 times the maximum limit, to occur at the injection site
DOSE: Do not inject the intramuscularly (IM). 3-4ml per 100lbs. 5 ml SC (SQ) every 24 hours for adult goats. A 48 hour dose schedule leaves animal with very low levels of antibiotics in the bloodstream beyond 36 hr. Recommend use at either 24 hour intervals in a sick animal, 36-48 hours intervals for treatment of skin problems or as a preventative measure is acceptable.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: NOT APPROVED Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT: NOT APPROVED
Extra label in goats Goats: 30 days given SQ at 20,000 IU/lb once daily ( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP)
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AMPICILLINRx item
Ampicillin Trihydrate
Extra label in goats
Various brands and strengths
When reconstituted, each milliliter contains ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 50, 100, 250, or 400 milligrams of ampicillin.
DOSE: 7-10mg IM or SQ (SC) per pound twice daily (1.75 to 2.5 mL of the 400mg/mL strength per 100 pounds).
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats .Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT Extra label in goats Beef Cattle: (at label dose rate) 6 days.
THE PENICILLINS
There are 4 classes of penicillins from narrow to broad range of effectiveness,
based upon their ability to kill various types of bacteria.
Natural penicillins and penicillinase-resistant penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Various brand names include: Penicillin G: Penicillin G Potassium, Penicillin G Procaine, Pen BP-48, Dual-Pen Penicillin V: Pen-V
Not useful against penicillinase or beta-lactamase producing bacteria or most gram negative bacteria
Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cyclacillin, Hetacillin
Not as useful against anaerobic bacteria as natural penicillins.
Aminopenicillins are not effective against those bacteria that produce penicillinase or beta-lactamase.
Vet Res Commun. 1999 Dec;23(Cool:507-14. Related Articles, Links
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in Desert sheep and Nubian goats.
Elsheikh HA, Taha AA, Khalafalla AE, Osman IA, Wasfi IA. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid. [email protected]
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were studied in five Desert sheep and five Nubian goats after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Following i.v. injection, the plasma concentration-versus-time data were best described by a two-compartment open model. The kinetic variables were similar in both species except for the volume of the central compartment (Vc), which was larger in sheep (p<0.05). Following i.m. injection, except for the longer half-life time of absorption in goats (p<0.05), there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between sheep and goats. The route of amoxicillin administration had no significant effect on the terminal elimination half-life in either species. The bioavailability of the drug (F) after i.m. administration was high (> 0.90) in both species. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin did not differ between sheep and goats; furthermore, because of the high availability and short half-life of absorption, the i.m. route gives similar results to the i.v. route. Therefore, identical intramuscular and intravenous dose regimens should be applicable to both species.
PMID: 10672967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Extended-spectrum penicillins: Alpha-carboxypenicillins : carbenicillin, Acylaminopenicillins: piperacillin
Brand names include: Carbenicillin: Geocillin (oral), Geopen (oral and injectable)
Extended-spectrum penicillins are not commonly used. They are prescribed for certain bacterial infections when other antibiotics are ineffective.
Extended-spectrum penicillins treat similar infections as the aminopenicillins but have additional activity against more gram negative bacteria. Susceptible to inactivation by penicillinase and beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Potentiated penicillins: Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam
Brand names: Augmentin and Clavamox contain amoxicillin plus potassium clavulanate
Potentiated pencillins have potassium clavulanate and sulbactam added to reduce inactivation by beta-lactamases. These additional compounds increase the types of bacteria against which various classes of penicillin are effective. Potentiated penicillins are often used in skin infections.
PENICILLIN TRIVIA: sulfa drugs developed in 1932 were the first antibiotics, but effective only against one class of bacteria. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 but no one could figure out how to produce it in 1939 two British scientists, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, figured out how to produce a stable preparation and showed its value (treating 5 patients) the US was asked in the summer of 1941 to develop mass production seen as of tremendous military value factory production began in Dec. 1943, though it was restricted to military use until March 1945.
There are many forms of penicillin, and dosages vary greatly
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROCAINE PENICILLIN G
Extra label in goats
Various brand names
300,000 units Procaine Penicillin G/mL
DOSE: 10,000 units/lb twice daily with higher doses for well established infections. One mg of penicillin G procaine is equivalent to 900-1050 USP Units.
DOSE: Kids - 1-2ml SC (SQ) for baby goats (8-25lbs), 1 or 2 times daily.
DOSE: Adults - 6-10 ml SC (SQ) for adult goats, 1X or 2X daily.
You can double recommend maximum dose on first injection, then divided daily dose and inject every 12 hours for 2-3 days, then 1X daily thereafter.
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats . Goats: 5 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP). Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours. Note
MEAT Extra label in goats Goats: 14-20 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP) BACTERICIDAL
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
Classes of Penicillin
Pennicillin references
Antibiotic for treating gram positive infections.
Widespread resistance.
Penicillin is particularly effective against streptococcus infections.
Penicillin is often administered along with gentamicin ( NOTE:see gentamicin below ) or Naxel . If you use one of these combo's administer via seperate syringes, do not mix together in the same syringe.
Beta-Lactam/Aminoglycoside Combinations
Generally speaking, this combination is synergistic because the penicillins/Beta-Lactams used to target gram positive and anaerobic bacteria will damage the cell wall, allowing the aminoglycoside used to target gram negative aerobes to enter the
bacterial cell (even gram positive or anaerobic bacteria).
This combination of drugs is especially useful when:
1. a resistant Pseudomonas or Proteus is encountered, in which case a specific anti-pseudomonal agent such as a 4 th generation cephalosporin could be used together with gentamicin
2. the full regular dose of aminoglycoside is too toxic to the kidneys - in this case you may use the full dose of a penicillin with a lower-than-normal dose of gentamicin; this combination will be less toxic than the normal dose of gentamicin alone
Blood levels tend to drop starting 12 hours after injection. Can dose every 24 hr if unable to treat more often or at the end of an illness, once you have it well under control.
top
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. PENICILLIN, LONG ACTING (LA)
Extra label in goats
Penicillin procaine & penicillin benzathine combo. Supposed to be a long acting penicillin that remains in the bloodstream for 48 hrs, though there is widespread resistance to both penicillin procaine and benzathine, and studies have shown that the benzathine (long acting) form of penicillin has too slow an absorption time to reach recommended therapeutic levels.
From 2000 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) **: Benzathine penicillin G is the least soluble of the dosage forms and so is the most slowly absorbed; the longest sustained but lowest plasma concentrations of penicillin G are produced.
PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE AND PENICILLIN G PROCAINE INJECTABLE SUSPENSION USP
Note: Penicillin G benzathine and penicillin G procaine combination has been replaced by other more effective medications . Although products containing penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combined may be effective in the treatment of extremely sensitive organisms, the plasma concentration of penicillin G produced by
the administration of recommended doses of penicillin G benzathine drops to such a low level after 12 to 48 hours that it becomes ineffective in the treatment of most systemic infections. No dosage of these penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combinations can be recommended as likely to be effective for many infections caused by penicillin-sensitive organisms .
Even when administered at label doses, the risk exists for residues, which are 30 to 60 times the maximum limit, to occur at the injection site
DOSE: Do not inject the intramuscularly (IM). 3-4ml per 100lbs. 5 ml SC (SQ) every 24 hours for adult goats. A 48 hour dose schedule leaves animal with very low levels of antibiotics in the bloodstream beyond 36 hr. Recommend use at either 24 hour intervals in a sick animal, 36-48 hours intervals for treatment of skin problems or as a preventative measure is acceptable.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: NOT APPROVED Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT: NOT APPROVED
Extra label in goats Goats: 30 days given SQ at 20,000 IU/lb once daily ( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP)
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AMPICILLINRx item
Ampicillin Trihydrate
Extra label in goats
Various brands and strengths
When reconstituted, each milliliter contains ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 50, 100, 250, or 400 milligrams of ampicillin.
DOSE: 7-10mg IM or SQ (SC) per pound twice daily (1.75 to 2.5 mL of the 400mg/mL strength per 100 pounds).
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats .Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT Extra label in goats Beef Cattle: (at label dose rate) 6 days.