Medication : Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com

Re: Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com

THE PENICILLINS
There are 4 classes of penicillins from narrow to broad range of effectiveness,
based upon their ability to kill various types of bacteria.
Natural penicillins and penicillinase-resistant penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V

Various brand names include: Penicillin G: Penicillin G Potassium, Penicillin G Procaine, Pen BP-48, Dual-Pen Penicillin V: Pen-V
Not useful against penicillinase or beta-lactamase producing bacteria or most gram negative bacteria
Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cyclacillin, Hetacillin
Not as useful against anaerobic bacteria as natural penicillins.
Aminopenicillins are not effective against those bacteria that produce penicillinase or beta-lactamase.
Vet Res Commun. 1999 Dec;23(Cool:507-14. Related Articles, Links
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in Desert sheep and Nubian goats.
Elsheikh HA, Taha AA, Khalafalla AE, Osman IA, Wasfi IA. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid. [email protected]
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were studied in five Desert sheep and five Nubian goats after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Following i.v. injection, the plasma concentration-versus-time data were best described by a two-compartment open model. The kinetic variables were similar in both species except for the volume of the central compartment (Vc), which was larger in sheep (p<0.05). Following i.m. injection, except for the longer half-life time of absorption in goats (p<0.05), there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between sheep and goats. The route of amoxicillin administration had no significant effect on the terminal elimination half-life in either species. The bioavailability of the drug (F) after i.m. administration was high (> 0.90) in both species. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin did not differ between sheep and goats; furthermore, because of the high availability and short half-life of absorption, the i.m. route gives similar results to the i.v. route. Therefore, identical intramuscular and intravenous dose regimens should be applicable to both species.
PMID: 10672967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Extended-spectrum penicillins: Alpha-carboxypenicillins : carbenicillin, Acylaminopenicillins: piperacillin
Brand names include: Carbenicillin: Geocillin (oral), Geopen (oral and injectable)
Extended-spectrum penicillins are not commonly used. They are prescribed for certain bacterial infections when other antibiotics are ineffective.
Extended-spectrum penicillins treat similar infections as the aminopenicillins but have additional activity against more gram negative bacteria. Susceptible to inactivation by penicillinase and beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
Potentiated penicillins: Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam
Brand names: Augmentin and Clavamox contain amoxicillin plus potassium clavulanate
Potentiated pencillins have potassium clavulanate and sulbactam added to reduce inactivation by beta-lactamases. These additional compounds increase the types of bacteria against which various classes of penicillin are effective. Potentiated penicillins are often used in skin infections.
PENICILLIN TRIVIA: sulfa drugs developed in 1932 were the first antibiotics, but effective only against one class of bacteria. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 but no one could figure out how to produce it in 1939 two British scientists, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, figured out how to produce a stable preparation and showed its value (treating 5 patients) the US was asked in the summer of 1941 to develop mass production seen as of tremendous military value factory production began in Dec. 1943, though it was restricted to military use until March 1945.
There are many forms of penicillin, and dosages vary greatly
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PROCAINE PENICILLIN G
Extra label in goats
Various brand names
300,000 units Procaine Penicillin G/mL
DOSE: 10,000 units/lb twice daily with higher doses for well established infections. One mg of penicillin G procaine is equivalent to 900-1050 USP Units.
DOSE: Kids - 1-2ml SC (SQ) for baby goats (8-25lbs), 1 or 2 times daily.
DOSE: Adults - 6-10 ml SC (SQ) for adult goats, 1X or 2X daily.
You can double recommend maximum dose on first injection, then divided daily dose and inject every 12 hours for 2-3 days, then 1X daily thereafter.
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats . Goats: 5 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP). Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours. Noteenicillin G is distributed into milk; in food animals the distribution is sufficient to cause violative residues. However, (label dose) the concentrations of penicillin produced in milk are subtherapeutic for most bacteria. In sheep, 0.11% of an intramuscular injection of sodium penicillin G was distributed into the milk.
MEAT Extra label in goats Goats: 14-20 days given SQ at 10,000 - 20,000 IU/lb once daily (SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP) BACTERICIDAL
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
Classes of Penicillin

Pennicillin references
Antibiotic for treating gram positive infections.
Widespread resistance.
Penicillin is particularly effective against streptococcus infections.
Penicillin is often administered along with gentamicin ( NOTE:see gentamicin below ) or Naxel . If you use one of these combo's administer via seperate syringes, do not mix together in the same syringe.
Beta-Lactam/Aminoglycoside Combinations
Generally speaking, this combination is synergistic because the penicillins/Beta-Lactams used to target gram positive and anaerobic bacteria will damage the cell wall, allowing the aminoglycoside used to target gram negative aerobes to enter the
bacterial cell (even gram positive or anaerobic bacteria).
This combination of drugs is especially useful when:
1. a resistant Pseudomonas or Proteus is encountered, in which case a specific anti-pseudomonal agent such as a 4 th generation cephalosporin could be used together with gentamicin
2. the full regular dose of aminoglycoside is too toxic to the kidneys - in this case you may use the full dose of a penicillin with a lower-than-normal dose of gentamicin; this combination will be less toxic than the normal dose of gentamicin alone
Blood levels tend to drop starting 12 hours after injection. Can dose every 24 hr if unable to treat more often or at the end of an illness, once you have it well under control.
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. PENICILLIN, LONG ACTING (LA)
Extra label in goats
Penicillin procaine & penicillin benzathine combo. Supposed to be a long acting penicillin that remains in the bloodstream for 48 hrs, though there is widespread resistance to both penicillin procaine and benzathine, and studies have shown that the benzathine (long acting) form of penicillin has too slow an absorption time to reach recommended therapeutic levels.
From 2000 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) **: Benzathine penicillin G is the least soluble of the dosage forms and so is the most slowly absorbed; the longest sustained but lowest plasma concentrations of penicillin G are produced.

PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE AND PENICILLIN G PROCAINE INJECTABLE SUSPENSION USP
Note: Penicillin G benzathine and penicillin G procaine combination has been replaced by other more effective medications . Although products containing penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combined may be effective in the treatment of extremely sensitive organisms, the plasma concentration of penicillin G produced by
the administration of recommended doses of penicillin G benzathine drops to such a low level after 12 to 48 hours that it becomes ineffective in the treatment of most systemic infections. No dosage of these penicillin G procaine and penicillin G benzathine combinations can be recommended as likely to be effective for many infections caused by penicillin-sensitive organisms .
Even when administered at label doses, the risk exists for residues, which are 30 to 60 times the maximum limit, to occur at the injection site

DOSE: Do not inject the intramuscularly (IM). 3-4ml per 100lbs. 5 ml SC (SQ) every 24 hours for adult goats. A 48 hour dose schedule leaves animal with very low levels of antibiotics in the bloodstream beyond 36 hr. Recommend use at either 24 hour intervals in a sick animal, 36-48 hours intervals for treatment of skin problems or as a preventative measure is acceptable.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: NOT APPROVED Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT: NOT APPROVED
Extra label in goats Goats: 30 days given SQ at 20,000 IU/lb once daily ( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP)

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AMPICILLINRx item
Ampicillin Trihydrate
Extra label in goats
Various brands and strengths
When reconstituted, each milliliter contains ampicillin trihydrate equivalent to 50, 100, 250, or 400 milligrams of ampicillin.
DOSE: 7-10mg IM or SQ (SC) per pound twice daily (1.75 to 2.5 mL of the 400mg/mL strength per 100 pounds).
STORAGE: Refrigerate (36°-46°F, 2°-8°C). Protect from freezing. To prevent procaine toxicity, keeping procaine penicillin at proper storage temperature and following shelf life recommendations are recomended to avoid any degradation of the product.
WITHDRAWAL:
MILK: Extra label in goats .Dairy Cattle: (at label dose rate) 48-72 hours.
MEAT Extra label in goats Beef Cattle: (at label dose rate) 6 days.

Re: Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com

Naxcel ® (Ceftiofur sodium) & Excenel ® (Ceftiofur hydrocloride)
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NAXCEL AND EXCENEL?
A bioavailability and bioequivalence comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and sodium salts in the bovine. (TR 788-9760-87-015) D.B. Johnson and D.D. Kratzer.
14C-ceftiofur concentrations in lung and whole blood of cattle following intramuscular administration of 14C-ceftiofur hydrochloride or 14C-ceftiofur sodium at 1.0 mg CE/lb (2.2 mg CE/kg) BW daily for five consecutive days.

AUC Ceftiofur Ratio Confidence Interval
(µg·h/mL) HCL Na (HCl/Na) Lower Upper
0-24 hours 42.9 51 0.84 69 99
24-48 hours 52.1 53.9 0.97 84 110
48-72 hours 58.6 58.7 1.00 83 116
72-96 hours 60 57.9 1.04 89 118
Lung Conc.(ppm) 1.15 1.18 1.02 86 118

The Day 5 AUC following administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the Day 5 AUC values following administration of ceftiofur sodium.

Based upon the 90% confidence interval about the difference in treatment means, the total exposure of lung tissue to ceftiofur and its desfuroylceftiofur metabolites is determined to be equivalent following repeated IM administrations of identical doses of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium.

Conclusions: This study confirmed the clinical effectiveness of IM administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride for the treatment of the bacterial component of BRD. Since the original formulation of ceftiofur hydrochloride is bioequivalent to ceftiofur sodium and the revised formulation has equal relative plasma bioavailability to ceftiofur sodium, the clinical conclusions obtained in this clinical study are relevant to the revised formulation of ceftiofur hydrochloride.

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NAXCEL® ( Ceftiofur sodium ) Rx item
Now approved for goats - January 2002

Reconstituted = 50 mg/mL of ceftiofur sodium
DOSE : 2 mg per pound, divided into a twice daily dose (1mL per 50 pounds twice a day). Pharmacokinetic data indicate that elimination of ceftiofur is more rapid in lactating does. Do not under dose, particularly in lactating does.
In cattle ceftiofur sodium one hour following injection there is no diference between the pharmacokinetics of IM or IV or SQ (SC,subcutaneous injection).
WITHDRAWAL : Approved for lactating cattle, sheep, and GOATS ( June 28, 2000 - as a minor species) for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia due to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica and P. multocida in the U.S. No withdrawal time with when used either SC(SQ) or IM at label dose.
It is often used in conjunction with penicillin.
Naxcel has a very short shelf life (7 days) once the powder is reconstituted, but it can be frozen for up to 8 weeks.
Store unreconstituted product at controlled room temperature (68 to 77 degrees).
BACTERICIDAL
DRUG FAMILY : Cephalosporin
Note: A relatively new and expensive, broad rage antibiotic. Approved for use in cattle and has no withdrawal or milk withholding time at label doses. Important: the label dose does not produce therapeutic levels in udder since the drug
does not distribute to the udder, so it is not useful for the treatment of mastitis when used according to the label. ( University of Guelph ). Low tissue penetration

Misc references for use of Naxcel/Excenel in goats
FDA Freedom of Information Summary 3/2001
2001 - CEFTIOFUR APPROVED FOR MEAT AND DAIRY GOATS - Pharmacia (previously Upjohn) Animal Health has gained a label addition for ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel® Sterile Powder) which allows for its use in the treatment of caprine respiratory disease (goat pneumonia). When given on-label to dairy or meat goats at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/lb, IM, once a day for up to 5 days, neither a milk discard nor a pre-slaughter withdrawal period is required. Naxcel® is a prescription product and prescribing veterinarians must meet labeling requirements for product left on the farm or dairy. Ceftiofur is the first systemic antibiotic approved for use in goats and the first goat drug specifically approved for use in dairy goats. The approval of Naxcel® for goats was accomplished in part through the National Research Support Project #7 (NRSP-7), the Minor Use Animal Drug Program. This cooperative university, federal and pharmaceutical industry program's mission is approval of animal health products for minor uses and species.
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EXCENEL® (Ceftiofur hydrocloride) Rx item
Extra label in goats

50 mg/mL of Ceftiofur hydrocloride
see Naxcel (above)

DOSE at 2 mg per pound = 2mL/100# once daily. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that elimination of cetiofur is more rapid in lactating does. Do not under dose, particularly in lactating does.
WITHDRAWAL : No withdrawal time at label dose.
Store at controlled room temperature 68 to 77 degrees. Protect from freezing.
2002 FDA approved for treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), footrot, and post partum metritis in beef and lactating dairy cattle. No milk withdrawal at label doses (five consecutive days at 2 mL per 100 pounds of bodyweight). 2 day meat withdrawal.
BACTERICIDAL
DRUG FAMILY : Cephalosporin

The same cefriofur antibiotic as Naxcel in a different base that is approved for swine (approved for cattle late '98 ), one advantage is a longer shelf life (mfg: 14 days after the first dose is removed), and it does not require refrigeration.
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NUFLOR Rx item
Extra label in goats

300mg/ml of florfenicol
NOTE:July 2002Temporary halt to production of Banamine & Nuflor
Banamine, Nuflor, are among the drugs that are temporarily out of production.
Supplies of Banamine and Nuflor, in the United States will be limited to the stock that distributors have available.
DOSE at 6mL/100 lbs SC (SQ) every 4 days, or 3.5mL/100 lbs IM in the neck area every 2 days.
WITHDRAWAL : Approved for beef cattle only, meat withdrawal 38 days following one SC (SQ) injection. For two-dose IM treatment the withdrawal period is 28 days. The FDA has not established a milk discard time, tolerance or safe level for florfenicol in milk.
Extra label in goats . Goats: 28 days given SQ at 9mg/lb SC every 48 hours. Source - 10-12,2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP .
Studies in goats indicate Florfenicol concentrations in milk equal serum concentrations.
Florfenicol has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and is primarily BACTERIOSTATIC. Because of its low protein binding and extensive tissue distribution, florfenicol reaches higher levels in tissue than serum, reaching clinically effective concentrations at sites of infection. Studies on pharmacokinetics have also been conducted in horses, goats and pigs with Nuflor, although there are no label recommendations for these species.
ADVERSE REACTIONS : Possible temporary decrease in feed and water intake. Diarrhea has been reported in cattle. Local tissue reaction and soreness at IM injection site.
STORAGE : Store between 2-30 degrees Celsius (36-86 degrees Fahrenheit). Refrigeration is not required. The solution is light yellow to straw colored. Color does not affect potency.
TIP : Nuflor is oil based, use a 18 or 20 guage needle to avoid extended syringe filling and injection time.
The FDA on extra-label use Nuflor in the dairy
Note: Florfenicol belongs to the same antibiotic family as chloramphenicol. Florfenicol is chemically different from chloramphenicol and is not linked to chloramphenicol's human toxicity concerns (bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia in humans). The FDA prohibited the use of chloramphenicol in all food-producing animals in 1984
From 10th Central Veterinary Conference Proceedings: Florfenicol is well absorbed from the normal mammary gland in cattle and combined intramammary infusion of 1500 mg (5 ml) into the affected quarter, q12h, for 3 consecutive milkings and parenteral injection of 3 ml/100 lb, IM, q48h is theoretically of benefit for treatment of coliform mastitis.
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Re: Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com

TYLAN: (tylosin)
Extra label in goats

Tylan 200® - 200mg tylosin per ml
Tylan also comes as Tylan 50 (50mg tylosin/ml), check bottle for strength and adjust the ml rate.
Tylan 200 is NOT the same as LA-200.
DOSE : (FOR Tylan 200 ) 1.5-2.0 ml SC(SQ) for baby goats, 3.5 to 5.0ml per 100 pounds [7-10mg/lb] for adults, one time daily. Bacteriostatic Effective against gram positive bacteria + Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia. I've used at doses as high as 20-30mg/lb (10+ ml/cc per 100 pounds) in both adults and kids.
Intramuscular bioavailability-Goats: 72.6% (15 mg per kg of body weight [mg/kg] dose)
WITHDRAWAL: Extra label in goats .
Goats: MEAT : 30 days given at 10mg/lb once daily ( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP)
Goats: MILK : 96 hours given at 10mg/lb once daily( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP)
Not approved for lactating animals in the U.S., outside the U.S. there is a 96 hour withholding/withdrawal time in lactating cattle, and 8-21 days in beef cattle.
Erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin concentrations in milk can be much higher than concentrations in serum.
ADVERSE REACTIONS : Tylan injections are painful and the animal usually develops a painful swelling at the injection site that may last for some time, particularly with IM injections. I never use it IM anymore.
Do not administer to horses or other equines. Injection of tylosin in equines has been fatal.
A good antimicrobial for upper respiratory infections and some forms of enteritis. The only antibiotic that really hits mycoplasma arthritis in young kids (see below).
BACTERIOSTATIC at low concentrations, BACTERICIDALat high doses.
DRUG FAMILY : Macrolides
MYCOPLASMAL POLYARTHRITIS: which affects kids at 4-6 weeks of age, will usually only respond to massive doses of Tylan 200 [40mg per lb. = 4ml per 20 pounds) 3X daily for 2 days, then 2X daily for 3 days and 30mg per lb (3ml/20 pounds) 1X daily for 10 additional days. Mycoplasma must be treated for a 12-14 days!
Most printed veterinary references state that while this treatment will get the active disease under control, but the "cured" animal will be a carrier for life, able to pass it on to its offspring through the colostral milk. My personal experience with mycoplasma [mycoplasma mycodies, subspecies mycodies (large colony) ] in my and other local herds has been that it does not return in an animal if full course of treatment is given and I have seen no evidence in my herd that it is passed to offspring. I have kept maticulous records and lab statistics since my first case in the late '80's. I've never had a doe have more than one kid affected, even with twins nursing. Nor has a doe had an affected kid in subsequent years. I've never had a doe that had mycoplasma as a kid pass it to her nursing kids. It appears equally in dam raised and pasturized milk fed kids. In the hand raised kids usually only one or two in a group, or on a common lambar were ever affected. Other local herd experiences mirror mine. I haven't had a case of mycoplasma in my herd since 1996, and that year just one kid was affected. We lost only one kid to mycoplasma, the first on that was treated by our vet with penicillin (mycoplasma was diagnosed until the postmortum exam). Note: mycoplasma in kids was particularly prevalent in this area in 2001. There were more cases locally than I've seen in the past twenty years.

Mycoplasma sometimes presents as a severe systematic infection without signs of arthritis. Or, just arthritis in one joint with little swelling ( what I see most often). It always produces high fevers initially (106+). It is sometimes accompanied by pneumonia, diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye), though I've never seen anyting any of these in my herd. I have lab reports from other herds/areas on kids that died suddenly from an overwhelming systemic mycoplasmal infection.

Not to be confused with the related bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (MmmSC) that causes a serious disease in cattle, called contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Pasteurizing milk to kill mycoplasma

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Mycoplasma is one of the tiniest free-living organisms known. Mycoplasma are small bacteria that do not contain a cell wall. They are difficult to grow in culture media and their growth is slow.
Mycoplasma mycoides, subspecies mycoides, large colony (MmmLC) - is the most commonly isolated species in caprine mycoplasmal arthritis and mastitis.
In sheep and goats (world wide) other Mycoplasma pathogens include,
M. mycoides subspecies capri - contagious caprine pleuropneumonia NOT IN THE UNITED STATES
M. ovipneumoniae - intersitial pneumonia in lambs
M. agalactiae - Contagious agalactia, arthritis, vulvovaginitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonitis Although three isolations of M. agalactiae have been reported from the United States, it appears that North American strains are of low virulence and do not cause classical CA
M. capricolum - Mastitis, polyarthritis, septicemia
M. conjunctivae - Keratoconjunctivitis
M. ovipneumoniae - Chronic pneumonia
M. putrefaciens - Mastitis
M. strain F38 - Septicemia, pleuropneumonia
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ALBON & Di-METHOX 40% injectable
Extra label in goats
Sulfadimethoxine 400mg/mL [40%]
Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs):
Broad spectrum, but high resistance has developed,
and there is a high incidence of allergic reactions.
DOSE rate - initial dose - 25 milligrams per pound of body weight followed by 12.5 milligrams per pound of body weight every 24 hours = 1mL (IV or SQ (SC) only) per 16 pounds for initial dose, then reduce by 1/2 for 2-5 days.
WITHDRAWAL :
MEAT 7 days.
MILK : 60 hours (5 milkings) .
BACTERIOSTATIC
Drug Family: Folic Acid Inhibitors
Broad spectrum, Coccidiostat.
Respiratory, genitourinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections caused by Streptococci, Staphylococci, Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus, or Shigella organisms sensitive to sulfadimethoxine.
Albon products:
Albon ® Tablets
Agribon 12.5% Drinking Water Solution
Agribon Boluses - 15.0
Agribon Boluses - 2.5, 5.0, 15.0, 5.0
Agribon Injection 40%
Albon Oral Suspension 5%
Agribon Soluble Powder
Albon ® S.R. (Sustained Release)
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SMP(sulfamethoxypyridazine)
Extra label in goats
Veterinary Res 1997;28(1):101-4
Bioavailability of sulfamethoxypyridazine following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in goats.

Garg SK, Uppal RP.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, HP Agricultural University, Palampur, India.

The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) was investigated in goats after a single intramuscular (im) or subcutaneous (sc) administration (100 mg/kg body weight). The biological half lives of SMP following im and sc administration were found to be 11.0 and 13.7 h, respectively. The systemic availabilities of the drug were calculated to be 68.6 and 58.7% following im and sc injections, respectively. The rapidity of absorption, almost similar availability, comparatively longer biological half-life and ease of administration suggest that the sc route of administration might be preferred over the im route. To achieve and maintain serum concentrations 25 micrograms/mL, a rational dosage regimen of SMP for goats would be 55 and 38 mg/kg body weight as the loading and maintenance doses, respectively, with a dosage interval of 24 h by the sc route.

PMID: 9172837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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ERYTHROMYCIN("Gallimycin ®")
Extra label in goats
MILKWITHDRAWAL Goats: 72 hours at 1mg/lb SQ once daily ( SOURCE- 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP) .
Erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin concentrations in milk can be much higher than concentrations in serum.
BACTERIOSTATICat low concentrations, BACTERICIDALat high doses.
DRUG FAMILY : Macrolides
Erythromycin is an old antibiotic, a "re-discovered" favorite in human medicine now, also sometimes used by diary cattle producers to treat strep ag mastitis. Bacteriostatic at low concentrations, bacteriocidal at high concentrations. Effective against gram positive bacteria + Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia. My experience with Erythromycin is very limited (I'm not even sure of the most effective dose) and I don't know of many other uses it's recommended or used for anymore. (Note: there is some indication that intramammary infusion of Erythromycin may cause allergic reactions in some goats).

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.. BAYTRIL(enrofloxacin) Rx item
DO NOT USE - NO EXTRA LABEL USE PERMITTED IN FOOD ANIMALS

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January 2002 - PSR
Bayer also produces Ciprol, a closely related antibiotic. The importance of Cipro is extremely evident with the recent anthrax scare, which illustrates the importance of keeping our antibioics effective. Cipro is an important antibiotic in the treatment of many other illnesses as well, and the use of Baytril could contribute to the development of Cipro resistant bacteria.
Bayer has been asked by the FDA to remove Baytril from the market because of the dangers it presents to human health.

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Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) (Bayer) Injectable Solution has been granted VERY LIMITED approval (July 1998) for use in beef cattle (28 day meat withdrawal). BACTERICIDAL, broad spectrum, except anaerobes. Fluoroquinolones act by deactivating bacterial enzymes necessary for the transcription of DNA.
Extra-label use of fluoroquinolones, including Baytril 100, in food animals is prohibited under Title 21, Part 530.41, of the Code of Federal Regulations .
Primarily active against gram-negative organisms. Not effective for anaerobics or Strep or some Staphs. Good activity against enteric bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia and E. coli. Good for urinary tract infections, especially if Pseudomonas, Proteus, or Klebsiella is involved. Also used for some respiratory tract infections, and bone infections.
CAUTION: Baytril can disturb cartilage formation in growing animals. Young animals treated with enrofloxacin may develop damage to the cartilage of their joints. Swollen joints and lameness are clinical signs that may be observed.

DRUG FAMILY : Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones
PRECAUTIONS: Quinolone-class drugs should be used with caution in animals with known or suspected central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In such animals, quinolones have in rare instances, been associated with CNS stimulation which may lead to convulsive seizures. Quinolones have been shown to produce erosions of cartilage of weight-bearing joints and other signs of arthropathy in immature animals of various species.
Baytril storage conditions: "Do not refrigerate, freeze or store above 104 degrees. Precipitation may occur due to cold temperature. To redissolve, warm and then shake the vial." Store the Baytril at room temperatre and it will work better. Numerous cooling and warming temperatures are detrimental to the antibiotic.

Re: Antibiotics~Saanendoah.com

MICOTIL® (Tilmicosin) Rx item
300 mg of tilmicosin phosphate per mL
PULMOTIL® - tilmicosin-Type B Medicated Feed for swine
DO NOT USE - TOXIC TO GOATS - SOURCE - 10-12, 2000 Wool & Wattles, AASRP
Elanco Animal Health - Division of Eli Lilly and Company
MICOTIL® Label (pdf file)
Micotil (tilmicosin) can cause fatal reactions in goats (particularly toxic to Alpines and Alpine crosses). In swine parenterully administered it is toxic even at low dosage levels. However, when orally administered, tilmicosin does not cause toxic reactions.It is also potentially fatal in horses, as well as human and non-human primates, with the cardiovascular system being the target of the toxicity. Micotil (tilmicosin) is labeled for sheep in the UK (meat withdrawal = 28 days). The mfg maintains a 24 hour 800 hot line number for accidental injection in humans. Avoid contact with eyes. Do not use in auto powered syringes or give IV, or IM. SQ use only in cattle. Intravenous injection in cattle will be fatal. In swine epinephrine increases the mortality rate.
2002 - Micotil now comes in a protective shroud (reusable shroud constructed of heavy-duty recyclable clear plastic). The rubber stopper on the bottle is now more durable and there is a larger target area to insure safer handling and reduce the risk of accidental self injection. Larger vials are now shorter and more stout to fit more securely in the hand.

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August '98 headline from a Newark newspaper:
"Thief Grabs Killer Drug"
An animal drug that can kill a human was stolen from a farmer's car ..........
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NOT YET APPROVED, APPLICATION PENDING - July 2000: Tilmicosin phosphate injection, used for the treatment of sheep for bacterial pneumonia, is a new animal drug under section 201(v) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) (21 U.S.C. 321(v)). As a new animal drug, tilmicosin phosphate is subject to section 512 of the act (21 U.S.C. 360b), requiring that its uses in sheep be the subject of an approved NADA or supplemental NADA. Sheep are a minor species under Sec. 514.1(d)(1)(ii) (21 CFR 514.1(d)(1)(ii)).
Withdrawal: Tilmicosin was found to be detectable in goat's milk for 11 days after a single subcutaneous dose. Res Vet Sci 1997 Jan-Feb;62(1):48-50
BACTERIOSTATICat low concentrations, BACTERICIDAL at high doses.
DRUG FAMILY : Macrolides
Store below 86 degrees. Avoid continual warming and cooling.
Efficacy of Parenterally or Intramammarily Administered Tilmicosin or Ceftiofur Against Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis During Lactation - W. E. OWENS, S. C. NICKERSON, and C. H. RAY
Mastitis Research Laboratory, Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Homer
ABSTRACT: Two antibiotic preparations, tilmicosin and ceftiofur, were tested intramammarily and parenterally against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating cows. Neither product was effective as a lactating cow treatment at the doses and durations of treatment tested. Injection or infusion of tilmicosin and infusion of ceftiofur resulted in reductions of bacteria present in milk; however, only one quarter treated with infusion of tilmicosin was cured, and no cures were observed for the other treatments. Somatic cell counts were transiently reduced by infusion of ceftiofur and by infusion and injection of tilmicosin; however, they returned to pretreatment values by 28 d posttreatment.
1999 J. Dairy Sci. 82:645-647
© 1999, by the American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved.
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Veterinary News, Penn State university, Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural Sciences (August 1998): Tilmicosin has casued mortality in some goats.
Adverse Reaction to Tilmicosin in Goats
REF: Animal Health Spectrum, 7(2), June 1996.
A private practitioner was called to examine 10 adult goats following their purchase, 2 days previously, from a local stock yard. The animals appeared somewhat unthrifty and had nasal discharges. The animals were treated for parasites with ivermectin and for the apparent upper respiratory tract infection with tilmicosin. This antibiotic was selected because of its long duration of activity following a single dose treatment of cattle. Within 30 minutes of injection 3 of the animals died. These 3 were all of apparent Alpine stock. The remaining animals showed no apparent ill effects. The Poison Control Center at the University of Illinois was unaware of any reports of similar adverse reactions in goats but an Elanco representative indicated that the use of tilmicosin in goats in foreign countries has been associated with a high rate of drug-related deaths.
Practitioners should be cautious about extra-label use of tilmicosin in goats. They might contemplate its use for treatment of Pasteurella haemolytica that had proven nonresponsive to other treatments such as penicillin, oxytetracycline or ceftiofur, but owners should be warned in advance about the lack of other options and the risks involved. Practitioners experiencing such drug-related problems should contact the drug's manufacturer and the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Reaction Hotline 301/594-1722 during working hours of Monday to Friday, 7:30 - 4:30 EST; 301/594-0797 after hours; FAX 301/594-1812 so that the incident can be documented. The FDA's ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction) information is published annually in the FDA Veterinarian and is also available through the FDA's home page on the World Wide Web at http://www.fdable.com/aers/fda_adverse_events?gclid=CInvuICU4asCFSvftgodTmzyPwhttp://www.cvm.fd under the Office of Surveillance and Compliance category. The 1994 Adverse Drug Experience report published in the FDA Veterinarian Vol X, No. VI Nov/Dec 1995 cites two reports involving tilmicosin in goats and one in sheep.- Wool & Wattles, OCT/DEC 95. Herd Health Memo, University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Coperative Extension Service 1995-96 #10, April 1996.